Compounds and methods for treating multiple sclerosis

ABSTRACT

The invention described herein pertains to the treatment of multiple sclerosis. In particular, the invention described herein pertains to the treatment of multiple sclerosis using compounds that modulate the action of acrolein.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/412,217, filed Nov. 10, 2010, which isexpressly incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention described herein pertains to the treatment of multiplesclerosis. In particular, the invention described herein pertains to thetreatment of multiple sclerosis using compounds that modulate the actionof acrolein.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severely debilitating neurodegenerativedisease marked by progressive demyelination and functional loss in thecentral nervous system (CNS) (Gold et al., 2006; Compston and Coles,2008). Oxidative stress resulting from inflammation is known to play acritical role in demyelination, a major pathology in MS (Smith et al.,1999; Gilgun-Sherki et al., 2004). However, conventional free radicalscavengers have been unsuccessful at preventing disease development orprogression (Smith et al., 1999; Gold et al., 2006; Compston and Coles,2008). Hence, a priority in MS research is to improve understanding ofthe mechanisms of oxidative stress and thereby identify novel, moreeffective therapeutic targets.

It has been discovered that in vivo production of acrolein may mediatethe initiation and/or progression of multiple sclerosis. It has alsobeen discovered herein that compounds capable of interacting withacrolein are efficacious in treating multiple sclerosis. Without beingbound by theory, it is believed herein that compounds that are capableof scavenging and/or preventing acrolein from contacting tissues areefficacious in treating multiple sclerosis.

Acrolein, a reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, has been reported to be aproduct of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore,acrolein has been reported to remain active in the body for several days(Ghilarducci and Tjeerdema, 1995) while more commonly studied oxidativespecies decay within seconds (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1999).Therefore, and without being bound by theory, it is believed herein thatacrolein may be a key factor in perpetuating oxidative stress and maycause progressive myelin damage and functional loss. Accordingly,acrolein may be a potential novel target for MS therapeutics.

Described herein is the role of acrolein in the pathogenesis of MS usinga well-established animal model of MS. Experimental autoimmuneencephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in mice, and acrolein levels weredetermined in control and experimental groups.

It has also been discovered that hydrazinopyridazines, fusedhydrazinopyridazines, phenylethylhydrazines, and combinations thereofare useful in treating multiple sclerosis.

In one illustrative embodiment of the invention, compounds of thefollowing formula are described herein:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

R is independently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and

R^(A) represents three substituents selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof, amino andderivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl, carboxylate ora derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivatives thereof, hydrazinoand derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivative thereof, or sulfonylor a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl,cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl,each of which is optionally substituted; or two of R^(A) are takentogether with the attached carbons to form an optionally substitutedsaturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle.

In one illustrative embodiment of the invention, compounds of thefollowing formula are described herein:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

R is independently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and

R^(A) represents three substituents selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof, amino andderivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl, carboxylate ora derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivatives thereof, hydrazinoand derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivative thereof, or sulfonylor a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl,cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl,each of which is optionally substituted; or two of R^(A) are takentogether with the attached carbons to form an optionally substitutedsaturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle.

In another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions containing one ormore of the compounds are also described herein. In one aspect, thecompositions include a therapeutically effective amount of the one ormore compounds for treating a patient with MS. It is to be understoodthat the compositions may include other components and/or ingredients,including, but not limited to, other therapeutically active compounds,and/or one or more carriers, diluents, excipients, and the like.

It is appreciated herein that the compounds described herein may be usedalone or in combination with other compounds useful for treating MS,including those compounds that may be therapeutically effective by thesame or different modes of action. In addition, it is appreciated hereinthat the compounds described herein may be used in combination withother compounds that are administered to treat other symptoms of MS.

In another embodiment, methods for using the compounds andpharmaceutical compositions for treating patients with MS are alsodescribed herein. In one aspect, the methods include the step ofadministering one or more of the compounds and/or compositions describedherein to a patient with MS. In another aspect, the methods includeadministering a therapeutically effective amount of the one or morecompounds and/or compositions described herein for treating patientswith MS. In another embodiment, uses of the compounds and compositionsin the manufacture of a medicament for treating patients with MS arealso described herein. In one aspect, the medicaments include atherapeutically effective amount of the one or more compounds and/orcompositions for treating a patient with MS. In another embodiment, unitdoses and/or unit dosage forms that include the compounds andpharmaceutical compositions for treating patients with MS are alsodescribed herein. In another aspect, the unit doses and/or unit dosageforms are administered to a patient with MS.

In another embodiment, compounds, compositions, methods, and uses aredescribed herein for treating progressive forms of MS. In anotherembodiment, compounds compositions, methods, and uses are describedherein for treating relapsing forms of MS.

In another embodiment, compounds, compositions, methods, and uses aredescribed herein for treating early, mid, and/or late stage MS. Inanother embodiment, compounds, compositions, methods, and uses aredescribed herein for prophylactically treating MS. It has beendiscovered herein that the compounds, compositions, methods, and usesdescribed herein are effective in treating MS both before and aftersymptoms are observed. Illustratively, prophylactic treatment may beperformed in patients who are at an increased risk of developing MS,such as patients having a history of relapsing MS, patients having afamily history or relative with MS, and the like. Illustratively,prophylactic treatment may be performed in patients who do not haveoutwardly observable symptoms of the MS, but who show early damage tomyelin, slow or inadequate myelin repair, high levels of acrolein, andthe like. It has also been discovered herein that beginning treatmentusing the compounds, compositions, methods, and uses described hereinearlier in the disease progression of MS may lead to better patientoutcomes, such as but not limited to delayed onset of outwardlyobservable symptoms or more severe symptoms, overall improvedamelioration of symptoms, and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows the behavioral scores evaluated daily on a 5 point scalefor mice in sham treated (EAE) and hydralazine treated (EAE+HZ) groups.FIG. 1B shows a comparison of the highest scores for each mouse averagedwithin the group.

FIG. 2A shows a comparison of behavioral score in each day betweenhydralazine treated (EAE+HZ) and sham treated (EAE) groups in EAE mice.FIG. 2B shows a comparison of the onset of symptoms between hydralazinetreated (EAE+HZ) and sham treated (EAE) groups. FIG. 2C shows aquantitative comparison of mean behavioral score between hydralazinetreated (EAE+HZ) and sham treated (EAE) groups.

FIG. 3A shows the behavioral scores evaluated daily on a 5 point scalefor mice in a sham treated (EAE) compared to a phenelzine treated(EAE+PLZ) groups. FIG. 3B shows a comparison of the time to EAE symptomonset between sham treated (EAE) compared to a phenelzine treated (PLZ)groups. FIG. 3C shows mean behavioral scores are significantly increasedin EAE mice compared to the phenelzine treated (EAE+PLZ) group(p<0.005).

FIG. 4 shows a comparison of percent demyelination on spinal cord crosssection between hydralazine treated (EAE+HZ) and sham treated (EAE)groups in EAE mice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one embodiment, described herein is a method for treating a patientwith multiple sclerosis, the method comprising the step of administeringto the patient a therapeutically effective amount of one or morehydrazinopyridazines, fused hydrazinopyridazines, phenylethylhydrazines,or combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method wherein thephenylethylhydrazine is a compound of the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R is independently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and

R^(A) represents three substituents selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof, amino andderivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl, carboxylate ora derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivatives thereof, hydrazinoand derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivative thereof, or sulfonylor a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl,cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl,each of which is optionally substituted; or two of R^(A) are takentogether with the attached carbons to form an optionally substitutedsaturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method wherein thehydrazinopyridazine or fused hydrazinopyridazine is a compound of theformula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R is independently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and

R^(A) represents three substituents selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof, amino andderivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl, carboxylate ora derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivatives thereof, hydrazinoand derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivative thereof, or sulfonylor a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl,cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl,each of which is optionally substituted; or two of R^(A) are takentogether with the attached carbons to form an optionally substitutedsaturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle.

In another embodiment, described herein is a pharmaceutical composition,unit dose, or unit dosage form for treating a patient with multiplesclerosis, the method comprising the step of administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of one or morehydrazinopyridazines, fused hydrazinopyridazines, phenylethylhydrazines,or combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, described herein is a pharmaceutical composition,unit dose, or unit dosage form wherein the phenylethylhydrazine is acompound of the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R is independently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and

R^(A) represents three substituents selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof, amino andderivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl, carboxylate ora derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivatives thereof, hydrazinoand derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivative thereof, or sulfonylor a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl,cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl,each of which is optionally substituted; or two of R^(A) are takentogether with the attached carbons to form an optionally substitutedsaturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle.

In another embodiment, described herein is a pharmaceutical composition,unit dose, or unit dosage form wherein the hydrazinopyridazine or fusedhydrazinopyridazine is a compound of the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R is independently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and

R^(A) represents three substituents selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof, amino andderivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl, carboxylate ora derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivatives thereof, hydrazinoand derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivative thereof, or sulfonylor a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl,cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl,each of which is optionally substituted; or two of R^(A) are takentogether with the attached carbons to form an optionally substitutedsaturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above whereinR^(A) represents three hydrogens.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above R^(A)includes an optionally substituted benzo group.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above R^(A)includes an optionally substituted fused piperidine.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above R^(A)includes a hydrazino or derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above R^(A)includes a hydrazino.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above R^(A)includes amino or a derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above R^(A)includes dialkylamino, where each alkyl is independently selected, andindependently optionally substituted.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above each R ishydrogen.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above at leastone R is acyl.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above at leastone R is optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above the oneor more compounds are selected from the group consisting of hydralazine,cadralazine, dihydralazine, endralazine, phenelzine, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts of the foregoing, and combinationsthereof.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above the oneor more compounds are selected from the group consisting of hydralazine,dihydralazine, endralazine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of theforegoing, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above the oneor more compounds are selected from the group consisting of hydralazine,dihydralazine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the foregoing,and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method, use, pharmaceuticalcomposition, unit dose, or unit dosage form as described above the oneor more compounds are selected from the group consisting of phenelzineand pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Illustratively, hydralazine, a fused hydrazinopyridazine, is a compoundthat may be included in the pharmaceutical compositions, unit dosageforms, methods, and uses described herein. It has been discovered hereinthat acrolein is significantly increased as a symptom of MS. It has alsobeen discovered herein that the compounds and compositions describedherein, such as hydralazine, phenelzine, and the like, are effectiveacrolein scavengers and may be used to trap acrolein in a patient withMS. It has been observed herein that acrolein is significantly increasedwhen the behavioral deficits emerge in EAE mice. Illustratively,hydralazine, phenelzine, and like treatments are efficacious inalleviating and/or reducing the MS motor deficits observed in MSpatients, may also be accompanied by anatomical improvements, and maylower acrolein levels in spinal cord tissue. Without being bound bytheory, it is believed herein that the ability of the compounds likehydralazine and phenelzine to treat MS is due at least in part to thecapability of interacting with, blocking, or otherwise intervening inthe pathology of acrolein in vivo.

Illustrative hydrazinopyridazines and fused hydrazinopyridazines usefulin the methods, uses, formulations, and unit dosage forms describedherein are of the formulae

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and analogs andderivatives of the foregoing.

In another embodiment, the method or unit dose includes atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds describedherein that is not therapeutically effective or clinically effective fortreating hypertension. In another embodiment, the method or unit doseincludes a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compoundsdescribed herein that is at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold,at least about 4-fold, or at least about 5-fold lower than thetherapeutically effective or clinically effective dose for treatinghypertension. In another embodiment, the method or unit dose includes atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds describedherein that is at least about 10-fold, at least about 20-fold, at leastabout 30-fold, or at least about 50-fold lower than the therapeuticallyeffective or clinically effective dose for treating hypertension. Inanother embodiment, the method or unit dose includes a therapeuticallyeffective amount of one or more compounds described herein that is doesnot cause, or substantially cause, hypotension.

In another embodiment, the method or unit dose includes atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds describedherein that is not therapeutically effective or clinically effective fortreating depression or anxiety. In another embodiment, the method orunit dose includes a therapeutically effective amount of one or morecompounds described herein that is at least about 2-fold, at least about3-fold, at least about 4-fold, or at least about 5-fold lower than thetherapeutically effective or clinically effective dose for treatingdepression or anxiety. In another embodiment, the method or unit doseincludes a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compoundsdescribed herein that is at least about 10-fold, at least about 20-fold,at least about 30-fold, or at least about 50-fold lower than thetherapeutically effective or clinically effective dose for treatingdepression or anxiety.

In another embodiment, the compositions, methods, and uses include atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds describedherein, such as the equivalent of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg,about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1.5 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg,or about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, administered orally.

In another embodiment, the compositions, methods, and uses include atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds describedherein, such as the equivalent of about 0.05 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg,about 0.05 mg/kg to about 1.5 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg,or about 0.05 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, administered orally.

In another embodiment, the compositions, methods, and uses include atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds describedherein, such as the equivalent of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg,about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1.5 mg/kg, about 0.1 about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1mg/kg, or about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, administered orally.

In another embodiment, the compositions, methods, and uses include atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds describedherein, such as the equivalent of about 0.5 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg,about 0.5 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg,about 0.5 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, administered orally.

In each of the foregoing embodiments, it is to be understood that thedose may be single or divided. In addition, it is to be understood thatthe therapeutically effective amount be administered following any of awide variety of dosing schedules, including q.d., b.i.d., three timesdaily, four times daily, and the like.

Accordingly, an illustrative dosing schedule for an adult of averageweight may be about 5 mg to 15 mg, p.o. twice, thrice, or four timesdaily, or about 5 mg to about 10 mg, p.o. twice, thrice, or four timesdaily.

In another embodiment, described herein are packages for dailyadministration of one or more compounds or compositions described hereinaccording to the methods or uses described herein, including a unitdosage form as described above wherein the unit dosage form is a singleor divided daily dose that sums to a daily amount of about 1 mg to about50 mg of the compound, administered orally.

In another embodiment, described herein are packages for dailyadministration of one or more compounds or compositions described hereinaccording to the methods or uses described herein, including a unitdosage form is a single or divided daily dose that sums to a dailyamount of about 1 mg to about 40 mg of the compound, administeredorally.

In another embodiment, described herein are packages for dailyadministration of one or more compounds or compositions described hereinaccording to the methods or uses described herein, including a unitdosage form is a single or divided daily dose that sums to a dailyamount of about 1 mg to about 30 mg of the compound, administeredorally.

In another embodiment, described herein are packages for dailyadministration of one or more compounds or compositions described hereinaccording to the methods or uses described herein, including a unitdosage form is a single or divided daily dose that sums to a dailyamount of about 1 mg to about 25 mg of the compound, administeredorally.

In another embodiment, described herein are packages for dailyadministration of one or more compounds or compositions described hereinaccording to the methods or uses described herein, including a unitdosage form is a single or divided daily dose that sums to a dailyamount of about 1 mg to about 20 mg of the compound, administeredorally.

In another embodiment, described herein are packages for dailyadministration of one or more compounds or compositions described hereinaccording to the methods or uses described herein, including a unitdosage form is a single or divided daily dose that sums to a dailyamount of about 1 mg to about 15 mg of the compound, administeredorally.

In another embodiment, described herein are packages for dailyadministration of one or more compounds or compositions described hereinaccording to the methods or uses described herein, including a unitdosage form is a single or divided daily dose that sums to a dailyamount of about 1 mg to about 10 mg of the compound, administeredorally.

It is to be understood that other routes of administration may be used,including buccal, sublingual, parenteral, and the like. It isappreciated herein that when other routes of administration that lead tohigher bioavailability are used, the illustrative oral doses describedherein will be reduced accordingly.

In addition to the foregoing illustrative dosages and dosing protocols,it is to be understood that an effective amount of any one or a mixtureof the compounds described herein can be readily determined by theattending diagnostician or physician by the use of known techniquesand/or by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. Indetermining the effective amount or dose, a number of factors areconsidered by the attending diagnostician or physician, including, butnot limited to the species of mammal, including human, its size, age,and general health, the specific disease or disorder involved, thedegree of or involvement or the severity of the disease or disorder, theresponse of the individual patient, the particular compoundadministered, the mode of administration, the bioavailabilitycharacteristics of the preparation administered, the dose regimenselected, the use of concomitant medication, and other relevantcircumstances.

In another embodiment, described herein are pharmaceutical compositions,unit doses, and unit dosage forms as described above further comprisingone or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.

In making the pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds describedherein, a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds inany of the various forms described herein may be mixed with one or moreexcipients, diluted by one or more excipients, or enclosed within such acarrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper, or othercontainer. Excipients may serve as a diluent, and can be solid,semi-solid, or liquid materials, which act as a vehicle, carrier ormedium for the active ingredient. Thus, the formulation compositions canbe in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets,elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solidor in a liquid medium), ointments, soft and hard gelatin capsules,suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packagedpowders. The compositions may contain anywhere from about 0.1% to about99.9% active ingredients, depending upon the selected dose and dosageform.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose,sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates,tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. Theformulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc,magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying andsuspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- andpropylhydroxybenzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. Thecompositions can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained ordelayed release of the active ingredient after administration to thepatient by employing procedures known in the art. It is appreciated thatthe carriers, diluents, and excipients used to prepare the compositionsdescribed herein are advantageously GRAS (generally regarded as safe)compounds.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method for treating apatient with multiple sclerosis, the method comprising the step ofadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of oneor more compounds, as described herein, capable of blocking ordecreasing the action of acrolein on myelin or on axons.

In each of the foregoing and following embodiments, it is to beunderstood that the formulae include and represent not only allpharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, but also include anyand all hydrates and/or solvates of the compound formulae. It isappreciated that certain functional groups, such as the hydroxy, amino,and like groups form complexes and/or coordination compounds with waterand/or various solvents, in the various physical forms of the compounds.Accordingly, the above formulae are to be understood to include andrepresent those various hydrates and/or solvates. In each of theforegoing and following embodiments, it is also to be understood thatthe formulae include and represent each possible isomer, such asstereoisomers and geometric isomers, both individually and in any andall possible mixtures. In each of the foregoing and followingembodiments, it is also to be understood that the formulae include andrepresent any and all crystalline forms, partially crystalline forms,and non crystalline and/or amorphous forms of the compounds.

As used herein, the terms hydrazinopyridazines, fusedhydrazinopyridazines, and phenylethylhydrazines generally refer to thecompounds described herein and analogs and derivatives thereof, but arenot limited to those compounds. Other compounds that arehydrazinopyridazines, fused hydrazinopyridazines, andphenylethylhydrazines are also useful in the methods, uses,pharmaceutical compositions, formulations, and unit dosage formsdescribed herein. It is also to be understood that in each of theforegoing, any corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salt is alsoincluded in the illustrative embodiments described herein.

Illustrative derivatives include, but are not limited to, both thosecompounds that may be synthetically prepared from the compoundsdescribed herein, as well as those compounds that may be prepared in asimilar way as those described herein, but differing in the selection ofstarting materials. For example, it is to be understood that derivativesof those compounds also include the compounds having for exampledifferent functional groups on aromatic rings than those explicitly setforth in the compound genera described herein. In addition, it is to beunderstood that derivatives of those compounds also include thecompounds having those same or different functional groups at differentpositions on the aromatic ring.

It is to be understood that such derivatives may include prodrugs of thecompounds described herein, compounds described herein that include oneor more protection or protecting groups, including compounds that areused in the preparation of other compounds described herein.

Illustrative analogs include, but are not limited to, those compoundsthat share functional and in some cases structural similarity to thosecompounds described herein. For example, described herein are compoundsthat include a benzopyridazine ring system. Illustrative analogsinclude, but are not limited to, the corresponding ring expanded or ringcontracted compounds, and the like. Other illustrative analogs include,but are not limited to, the corresponding ring systems that includeadditional heteroatoms, or where the ring fusion is made at a differentpair of atoms, and the like.

In addition, as used herein the terms hydrazinopyridazines, fusedhydrazinopyridazines, and phenylethylhydrazines also refer to prodrugderivatives of the compounds described herein, and including prodrugs ofthe various analogs and derivatives thereof. In addition, as usedherein, the terms hydrazinopyridazines, fused hydrazinopyridazines, andphenylethylhydrazines also refer to both the amorphous as well as anyand all morphological forms of each of the compounds described herein.In addition, as used herein, the terms hydrazinopyridazines, fusedhydrazinopyridazines, and phenylethylhydrazines also refer to any andall hydrates, or other solvates, of the compounds described herein.

It is to be understood that each of the foregoing embodiments may becombined in chemically relevant ways to generate subsets of theembodiments described herein. Accordingly, it is to be furtherunderstood that all such subsets are also illustrative embodiments ofthe invention described herein. For example, in another embodiment, wheneach R is hydrogen, R^(A) includes an optionally substituted benzogroup; or when at least one R is acyl, R^(A) includes a hydrazine; orwhen when at least one R is acyl, R^(A) includes an optionallysubstituted benzo group; and the like.

The compounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers,or may otherwise be capable of existing as multiple stereoisomers. It isto be understood that in one embodiment, the invention described hereinis not limited to any particular sterochemical requirement, and that thecompounds, and compositions, methods, uses, and medicaments that includethem may be optically pure, or may be any of a variety of stereoisomericmixtures, including racemic and other mixtures of enantiomers, othermixtures of diastereomers, and the like. It is also to be understoodthat such mixtures of stereoisomers may include a single stereochemicalconfiguration at one or more chiral centers, while including mixtures ofstereochemical configuration at one or more other chiral centers.

Similarly, the compounds described herein may be include geometriccenters, such as cis, trans, E, and Z double bonds. It is to beunderstood that in another embodiment, the invention described herein isnot limited to any particular geometric isomer requirement, and that thecompounds, and compositions, methods, uses, and medicaments that includethem may be pure, or may be any of a variety of geometric isomermixtures. It is also to be understood that such mixtures of geometricisomers may include a single configuration at one or more double bonds,while including mixtures of geometry at one or more other double bonds.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms, whichis optionally branched. As used herein, the term “alkenyl” and “alkynyl”includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, andincludes at least one double bond or triple bond, respectively. It is tobe understood that alkynyl may also include one or more double bonds. Itis to be further understood that in certain embodiments, alkyl isadvantageously of limited length, including C₁-C₂₄, C₁-C₁₂, C₁-C₈,C₁-C₆, and C₁-C₄. It is to be further understood that in certainembodiments alkenyl and/or alkynyl may each be advantageously of limitedlength, including C₂-C₂₄, C₂-C₁₂, C₂-C₈, C₂-C₆, and C₂-C₄. It isappreciated herein that shorter alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl groupsmay add less lipophilicity to the compound and accordingly will havedifferent pharmacokinetic behavior. Illustrative alkyl groups are, butnot limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl,heptyl, octyl and the like.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” includes a chain of carbon atoms,which is optionally branched, where at least a portion of the chain incyclic. It is to be understood that cycloalkylalkyl is a subset ofcycloalkyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkyl may be polycyclic.Illustrative cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2-methylcyclopropyl, cyclopentyleth-2-yl,adamantyl, and the like. As used herein, the term “cycloalkenyl”includes a chain of carbon atoms, which is optionally branched, andincludes at least one double bond, where at least a portion of the chainin cyclic. It is to be understood that the one or more double bonds maybe in the cyclic portion of cycloalkenyl and/or the non-cyclic portionof cycloalkenyl. It is to be understood that cycloalkenylalkyl andcycloalkylalkenyl are each subsets of cycloalkenyl. It is to beunderstood that cycloalkyl may be polycyclic. Illustrative cycloalkenylinclude, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexylethen-2-yl,cycloheptenylpropenyl, and the like. It is to be further understood thatchain forming cycloalkyl and/or cycloalkenyl is advantageously oflimited length, including C₃-C₂₄, C₃-C₁₂, C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, and C₅-C₆. It isappreciated herein that shorter alkyl and/or alkenyl chains formingcycloalkyl and/or cycloalkenyl, respectively, may add less lipophilicityto the compound and accordingly will have different pharmacokineticbehavior.

As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl” includes a chain of atoms thatincludes both carbon and at least one heteroatom, and is optionallybranched. Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.In certain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus,and selenium. As used herein, the term “cycloheteroalkyl” includingheterocyclyl and heterocycle, includes a chain of atoms that includesboth carbon and at least one heteroatom, such as heteroalkyl, and isoptionally branched, where at least a portion of the chain is cyclic.Illustrative heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Incertain variations, illustrative heteroatoms also include phosphorus,and selenium. Illustrative cycloheteroalkyl include, but are not limitedto, tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “aryl” includes monocyclic and polycyclicaromatic carbocyclic groups, each of which may be optionallysubstituted. Illustrative aromatic carbocyclic groups described hereininclude, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and the like. As usedherein, the term “heteroaryl” includes aromatic heterocyclic groups,each of which may be optionally substituted. Illustrative aromaticheterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl,isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl,benzisothiazolyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “amino” includes the group NH₂, alkylamino, anddialkylamino, where the two alkyl groups in dialkylamino may be the sameor different, i.e. alkylalkylamino. Illustratively, amino includesmethylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, methylethylamino, and the like.In addition, it is to be understood that when amino modifies or ismodified by another term, such as aminoalkyl, or acylamino, the abovevariations of the term amino are included therein. Illustratively,aminoalkyl includes H₂N-alkyl, methylaminoalkyl, ethylaminoalkyl,dimethylaminoalkyl, methylethylaminoalkyl, and the like. Illustratively,acylamino includes acylmethylamino, acylethylamino, and the like.

As used herein, the term “amino and derivatives thereof” includes aminoas described herein, and alkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino,heteroalkylamino, heteroalkenylamino, heteroalkynylamino,cycloalkylamino, cycloalkenylamino, cycloheteroalkylamino,cycloheteroalkenylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, arylalkenylamino,arylalkynylamino, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino,heteroarylalkenylamino, heteroarylalkynylamino, acylamino, and the like,each of which is optionally substituted. The term “amino derivative”also includes urea, carbamate, and the like.

As used herein, the term “hydroxy and derivatives thereof” includes OH,and alkyloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, heteroalkyloxy, heteroalkenyloxy,heteroalkynyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkenyloxy, cycloheteroalkyloxy,cycloheteroalkenyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkenyloxy,arylalkynyloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkyloxy, heteroarylalkenyloxy,heteroarylalkynyloxy, acyloxy, and the like, each of which is optionallysubstituted. The term “hydroxy derivative” also includes carbamate, andthe like.

As used herein, the term “thio and derivatives thereof” includes SH, andalkylthio, alkenylthio, alkynylthio, heteroalkylthio, heteroalkenylthio,heteroalkynylthio, cycloalkylthio, cycloalkenylthio,cycloheteroalkylthio, cycloheteroalkenylthio, arylthio, arylalkylthio,arylalkenylthio, arylalkynylthio, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio,heteroarylalkenylthio, heteroarylalkynylthio, acylthio, and the like,each of which is optionally substituted. The term “thio derivative” alsoincludes thiocarbamate, and the like.

As used herein, the term “acyl” includes formyl, and alkylcarbonyl,alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, heteroalkylcarbonyl,heteroalkenylcarbonyl, heteroalkynylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl,cycloalkenylcarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl,cycloheteroalkenylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl,arylalkenylcarbonyl, arylalkynylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl,heteroarylalkylcarbonyl, heteroarylalkenylcarbonyl,heteroarylalkynylcarbonyl, acylcarbonyl, and the like, each of which isoptionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “carbonyl and derivatives thereof” includes thegroup C(O), C(S), C(NH) and substituted amino derivatives thereof.

As used herein, the term “carboxylate and derivatives thereof” includesthe group CO₂H and salts thereof, and esters and amides thereof, and CN.

As used herein, the term “sulfinyl or a derivative thereof” includesSO₂H and salts thereof, and esters and amides thereof.

As used herein, the term “sulfonyl or a derivative thereof” includesSO₃H and salts thereof, and esters and amides thereof.

As used herein, the term “hydroxylamino and derivatives thereof”includes NHOH, and alkyloxylNH alkenyloxylNH alkynyloxylNHheteroalkyloxylNH heteroalkenyloxylNH heteroalkynyloxylNHcycloalkyloxylNH cycloalkenyloxylNH cycloheteroalkyloxylNHcycloheteroalkenyloxylNH aryloxylNH arylalkyloxylNH arylalkenyloxylNHarylalkynyloxylNH heteroaryloxylNH heteroarylalkyloxylNHheteroarylalkenyloxylNH heteroarylalkynyloxylNH acyloxy, and the like,each of which is optionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “hydrazino and derivatives thereof” includesalkylNHNH, alkenylNHNH, alkynylNHNH, heteroalkylNHNH, heteroalkenylNHNH,heteroalkynylNHNH, cycloalkylNHNH, cycloalkenylNHNH,cycloheteroalkylNHNH, cycloheteroalkenylNHNH, arylNHNH, arylalkylNHNH,arylalkenylNHNH, arylalkynylNHNH, heteroarylNHNH, heteroarylalkylNHNH,heteroarylalkenylNHNH, heteroarylalkynylNHNH, acylNHNH, and the like,each of which is optionally substituted.

The term “optionally substituted” as used herein includes thereplacement of hydrogen atoms with other functional groups on theradical that is optionally substituted. Such other functional groupsillustratively include, but are not limited to, amino, hydroxyl, halo,thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl,heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, nitro, sulfonicacids and derivatives thereof, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof,and the like. Illustratively, any of amino, hydroxyl, thiol, alkyl,haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, and/or sulfonic acid isoptionally substituted.

As used herein, the terms “optionally substituted aryl” and “optionallysubstituted heteroaryl” include the replacement of hydrogen atoms withother functional groups on the aryl or heteroaryl that is optionallysubstituted. Such other functional groups illustratively include, butare not limited to, amino, hydroxyl, halo, thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl,heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, nitro, sulfonic acids andderivatives thereof, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, and thelike. Illustratively, any of amino, hydroxyl, thiol, alkyl, haloalkyl,heteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, and/or sulfonic acid isoptionally substituted.

Illustrative substituents include, but are not limited to, a radical—(CH₂)_(x)Z^(X), where x is an integer from 0-6 and Z^(X) is selectedfrom halogen, hydroxy, alkanoyloxy, including C₁-C₆ alkanoyloxy,optionally substituted aroyloxy, alkyl, including C₁-C₆ alkyl, alkoxy,including C₁-C₆ alkoxy, cycloalkyl, including C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,cycloalkoxy, including C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy, alkenyl, including C₂-C₆alkenyl, alkynyl, including C₂-C₆ alkynyl, haloalkyl, including C₁-C₆haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, including C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halocycloalkyl,including C₃-C₈ halocycloalkyl, halocycloalkoxy, including C₃-C₈halocycloalkoxy, amino, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₁-C₆alkyl)amino, alkylcarbonylamino, N—(C₁-C₆ alkyl)alkylcarbonylamino,aminoalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkylaminoalkyl, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)aminoalkyl,alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, N—(C₁-C₆ alkyl)alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, cyano,and nitro; or Z^(x) is selected from —CO₂R⁴ and —CONR⁵R⁶, where R⁴, R⁵,and R⁶ are each independently selected in each occurrence from hydrogen,C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl, and heteroaryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl.

The term “prodrug” as used herein generally refers to any compound thatwhen administered to a biological system generates a biologically activecompound as a result of one or more spontaneous chemical reaction(s),enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemicalreaction(s), or a combination thereof. In vivo, the prodrug is typicallyacted upon by an enzyme (such as esterases, amidases, phosphatases, andthe like), simple biological chemistry, or other process in vivo toliberate or regenerate the more pharmacologically active drug. Thisactivation may occur through the action of an endogenous host enzyme ora non-endogenous enzyme that is administered to the host preceding,following, or during administration of the prodrug. Additional detailsof prodrug use are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,165; and Pathalk etal., Enzymic protecting group techniques in organic synthesis,Stereosel. Biocatal. 775-797 (2000). It is appreciated that the prodrugis advantageously converted to the original drug as soon as the goal,such as targeted delivery, safety, stability, and the like is achieved,followed by the subsequent rapid elimination of the released remains ofthe group forming the prodrug.

Prodrugs may be prepared from the compounds described herein byattaching groups that ultimately cleave in vivo to one or morefunctional groups present on the compound, such as —OH—, —SH, —CO₂H,—NR₂. Illustrative prodrugs include but are not limited to carboxylateesters where the group is alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as estersof hydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group,an alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate. Illustrativeesters, also referred to as active esters, include but are not limitedto 1-indanyl, N-oxysuccinimide; acyloxyalkyl groups such asacetoxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl, β-acetoxyethyl, β-pivaloyloxyethyl,1-(cyclohexylcarbonyloxy)prop-1-yl, (1-aminoethyl)carbonyloxymethyl, andthe like; alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl groups, such asethoxycarbonyloxymethyl, α-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl,β-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl, and the like; dialkylaminoalkyl groups,including di-lower alkylamino alkyl groups, such as dimethylaminomethyl,dimethylaminoethyl, diethylaminomethyl, diethylaminoethyl, and the like;2-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-alkenyl groups such as 2-(isobutoxycarbonyl)pent-2-enyl, 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)but-2-enyl, and the like; and lactonegroups such as phthalidyl, dimethoxyphthalidyl, and the like.

Further illustrative prodrugs contain a chemical moiety, such as anamide or phosphorus group functioning to increase solubility and/orstability of the compounds described herein. Further illustrativeprodrugs for amino groups include, but are not limited to,(C₃-C₂₀)alkanoyl; halo-(C₃-C₂₀)alkanoyl; (C₃-C₂₀)alkenoyl;(C₄-C₇)cycloalkanoyl; (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl(C₂-C₁₆)alkanoyl; optionallysubstituted aroyl, such as unsubstituted aroyl or aroyl substituted by 1to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,trifluoromethanesulphonyloxy, (C₁-C₃)alkyl and (C₁-C₃)alkoxy, each ofwhich is optionally further substituted with one or more of 1 to 3halogen atoms; optionally substituted aryl(C₂-C₁₆)alkanoyl andoptionally substituted heteroaryl(C₂-C₁₆)alkanoyl, such as the aryl orheteroaryl radical being unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyland (C₁-C₃)alkoxy, each of which is optionally further substituted with1 to 3 halogen atoms; and optionally substituted heteroarylalkanoylhaving one to three heteroatoms selected from O, S and N in theheteroaryl moiety and 2 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkanoyl moiety, suchas the heteroaryl radical being unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano,trifluoromethanesulphonyloxy, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, and (C₁-C₃)alkoxy, each ofwhich is optionally further substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms. Thegroups illustrated are exemplary, not exhaustive, and may be prepared byconventional processes.

It is understood that the prodrugs themselves may not possesssignificant biological activity, but instead undergo one or morespontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction(s),and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s), or a combination thereof afteradministration in vivo to produce the compound described herein that isbiologically active or is a precursor of the biologically activecompound. However, it is appreciated that in some cases, the prodrug isbiologically active. It is also appreciated that prodrugs may oftenserves to improve drug efficacy or safety through improved oralbioavailability, pharmacodynamic half-life, and the like. Prodrugs alsorefer to derivatives of the compounds described herein that includegroups that simply mask undesirable drug properties or improve drugdelivery. For example, one or more compounds described herein mayexhibit an undesirable property that is advantageously blocked orminimized may become pharmacological, pharmaceutical, or pharmacokineticbarriers in clinical drug application, such as low oral drug absorption,lack of site specificity, chemical instability, toxicity, and poorpatient acceptance (bad taste, odor, pain at injection site, and thelike), and others. It is appreciated herein that a prodrug, or otherstrategy using reversible derivatives, can be useful in the optimizationof the clinical application of a drug.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, refers tothat amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits thebiological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or humanthat is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor orother clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of thedisease or disorder being treated. In one aspect, the therapeuticallyeffective amount is that which may treat or alleviate the disease orsymptoms of the disease at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable toany medical treatment. However, it is to be understood that the totaldaily usage of the compounds and compositions described herein may bedecided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medicaljudgment. The specific therapeutically-effective dose level for anyparticular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including thedisorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of thespecific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age,body weight, general health, gender and diet of the patient: the time ofadministration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of thespecific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used incombination or coincidentally with the specific compound employed; andlike factors well known to the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctoror other clinician of ordinary skill

It is also appreciated that the therapeutically effective amount,whether referring to monotherapy or combination therapy, isadvantageously selected with reference to any toxicity, or otherundesirable side effect, that might occur during administration of oneor more of the compounds described herein. Further, it is appreciatedthat the co-therapies described herein may allow for the administrationof lower doses of compounds that show such toxicity, or otherundesirable side effect, where those lower doses are below thresholds oftoxicity or lower in the therapeutic window than would otherwise beadministered in the absence of a cotherapy.

As used herein, the term “composition” generally refers to any productcomprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as wellas any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinationsof the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. It is to beunderstood that the compositions described herein may be prepared fromisolated compounds described herein or from salts, solutions, hydrates,solvates, and other forms of the compounds described herein. It is alsoto be understood that the compositions may be prepared from variousamorphous, non-amorphous, partially crystalline, crystalline, and/orother morphological forms of the compounds described herein. It is alsoto be understood that the compositions may be prepared from varioushydrates and/or solvates of the compounds described herein. Accordingly,such pharmaceutical compositions that recite compounds described hereinare to be understood to include each of, or any combination of, thevarious morphological forms and/or solvate or hydrate forms of thecompounds described herein. Illustratively, compositions may include oneor more carriers, diluents, and/or excipients. The compounds describedherein, or compositions containing them, may be formulated in atherapeutically effective amount in any conventional dosage formsappropriate for the methods described herein. The compounds describedherein, or compositions containing them, including such formulations,may be administered by a wide variety of conventional routes for themethods described herein, and in a wide variety of dosage formats,utilizing known procedures (see generally, Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy, (21^(st) ed., 2005)).

The term “administering” as used herein includes all means ofintroducing the compounds and compositions described herein to thepatient, including, but are not limited to, oral (po), intravenous (iv),intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc), transdermal, inhalation, buccal,ocular, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, and the like. The compounds andcompositions described herein may be administered in unit dosage formsand/or formulations containing conventional nontoxicpharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles.

It is to be understood that in the methods described herein, theindividual components of a co-administration, or combination can beadministered by any suitable means, contemporaneously, simultaneously,sequentially, separately or in a single pharmaceutical formulation.Where the co-administered compounds or compositions are administered inseparate dosage forms, the number of dosages administered per day foreach compound may be the same or different. The compounds orcompositions may be administered via the same or different routes ofadministration. The compounds or compositions may be administeredaccording to simultaneous or alternating regimens, at the same ordifferent times during the course of the therapy, concurrently individed or single forms.

Illustrative routes of oral administration include tablets, capsules,elixirs, syrups, and the like.

Illustrative routes for parenteral administration include intravenous,intraarterial, intraperitoneal, epidurial, intraurethral, intrasternal,intramuscular and subcutaneous, as well as any other art recognizedroute of parenteral administration. Illustrative means of parenteraladministration include needle (including microneedle) injectors,needle-free injectors and infusion techniques, as well as any othermeans of parenteral administration recognized in the art. Parenteralformulations are typically aqueous solutions which may containexcipients such as salts, carbohydrates and buffering agents (preferablyat a pH in the range from about 3 to about 9), but, for someapplications, they may be more suitably formulated as a sterilenon-aqueous solution or as a dried form to be used in conjunction with asuitable vehicle such as sterile, pyrogen-free water. The preparation ofparenteral formulations under sterile conditions, for example, bylyophilization, may readily be accomplished using standardpharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art.Parenteral administration of a compound is illustratively performed inthe form of saline solutions or with the compound incorporated intoliposomes. In cases where the compound in itself is not sufficientlysoluble to be dissolved, a solubilizer such as ethanol can be applied.

The dosage of each compound of the claimed combinations depends onseveral factors, including: the administration method, the condition tobe treated, the severity of the condition, whether the condition is tobe treated or prevented, and the age, weight, and health of the personto be treated. Additionally, pharmacogenomic (the effect of genotype onthe pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic or efficacy profile of atherapeutic) information about a particular patient may affect thedosage used.

The effective use of the compounds, compositions, and methods describedherein for treating or ameliorating one or more effects of MS using oneor more compounds described herein may be based upon animal models, suchas murine, canine, porcine, and non-human primate animal models ofdisease. For example, it is understood that MS in humans may becharacterized by a loss of function, and/or the development of symptoms,each of which may be elicited in animals, such as mice, and othersurrogate test animals. In particular the mouse EAE model may be used toevaluate the methods of treatment and the pharmaceutical compositionsdescribed herein to determine the therapeutically effective amountsdescribed herein.

The following examples further illustrate specific embodiments of theinvention; however, the following illustrative examples should not beinterpreted in any way to are to limit invention.

EXAMPLES Example Animals

C57BL/6 female mice (8 weeks old) were purchased from HarlanLaboratories and were maintained in the lab animal housing facilities.These studies were performed in compliance with the Purdue Animal Careand Use Committee protocol guidelines at Purdue University, WestLafayette, Ind.

Example Induction of EAE

Nine-twelve week old mice were subcutaneously injected with 0.1 mLMOG₃₅₋₅₅/CFA emulsion (EK-0115, Hooke Laboratories) in the neck andlower back (total of 0.2 mL). Within two hours of the injection, 0.1 mLpertussis toxin (EK-0115, Hooke Laboratories) was administeredintraperitoneally. A second dose of pertussis toxin of the same volumewas given 22-26 hours later. The behavioral performance was assessedusing a well established 5-point behavioral scoring system (Kalyvas andDavid, 2004). The animals were placed on a metal grate and their walkingability was recorded. The scoring system is as follows: 0—no deficit;1—limp tail only; 2—hind limb paresis but without leg dragging;3—partial hind limb weakness with one or both legs dragging; 4—completehind limb paralysis; 5—moribund, paralysis in hind limbs and possibly inone forelimb. The animals were monitored and assessed three times duringthe first week and then assessed daily for the remainder of the study.

Example Hydralazine Treatment

A solution of hydralazine hydrochloride

(Sigma) was prepared with phosphate buffered saline. The solution wasthen sterilized through a filter and stored at 4° C. Hydralazine (1mg/kg) was administered through daily with intraperitoneal injectionsfrom the day the MOG/CFA emulsion was administered until the end of the30 day study period. For sham treatments, mice were administered salineintraperitoneally rather than the hydralazine solution. Blood pressureswere monitored using a CODA 2 system (Kent Scientific Corp.).

Example Detection of Acrolein-Lysine Adducts by Immunoblotting

Acrolein-lysine adducts in the tissue homogenate was measured using aBio-Dot SF Microfiltration Apparatus (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA),as previously described (Luo et al., 2005a; Shao et al., 2006; Hamann etal., 2008a). Briefly, the tissue was homogenized with TritonX-100 (3%),and the following anti-proteases were added: 2 mmol/L pefabloc, 15lmol/L pepstatin A, 20 lg/mL aprotinin, and 25 lg/mL leupeptin. Thesolution was centrifuged to pellet large pieces of tissue and thesupernatant was stored at −80° C. until transferred to a nitrocellulosemembrane. The membrane was blocked for 1 h in blocking buffer (0.2%casein and 0.1% Tween 20 in PBS) and transferred to 1:1000 polyclonalrabbit anti-acrolein (in blocking buffer with 2% goat serum and 0.025%sodium azide) (Novus Biologicals) for 18 h at 4° C. Next, the membranewas washed in blocking buffer and then transferred to 1:10000 alkalinephosphatase conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. It was then washed inblocking buffer followed by 0.1% Tween 20 in Tris-buffered saline. Themembrane was exposed to Bio-Rad Immuno-Star Substrate (Bio-Rad) andvisualized by chemiluminescence.

The optical density of bands was evaluated using Image J (NIH) andstatistical comparison was performed with SAS 9.2 (SAS institute).Specifically, equal areas of each individual immunoblottied band of bothanti-acrolein and anti-actin samples were selected and correspondingoptical densities were obtained using Image J. The optical densitiesobtained from the anti-acrolein samples were standardized by theircorresponding anti-actin samples before proceeding to statisticalanalysis. A Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay was also performedbefore the experiment to ensure equal loading of the samples.

Example Immunofluorescence Imaging

Mice were perfusion fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and the vertebralcolumns were removed and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight. Spinalcord tissues were extracted out of the vertebral column, cut into 1 cmpieces, and further fixed in 4% paraformaldhyde for 24-48 hours. Thesamples were cryoprotected by incubating for 24 h in a 10% sucrosesolution, followed by 24 hours in a 20% sucrose solution. The sampleswere then imbedded in Tissue-Tek OCT compound (VWR, Batavia, Ill.) andfrozen in liquid nitrogen. 15 μm sections were cut using a cryostat andmounted on gelatin coated slides. Sections were incubated with 5% goatserum and 0.5% Triton-X100 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 30minutes as blocking agents. After washing 3 times with PBS for 5minutes, the sections were incubated in primary antibody for 1 hour atroom temperature (RT). The sections were washed again for an additional10 minutes and then incubated in secondary antibody for 1 hour at RT.After 15 minutes wash the sections were labeled by FluoroMyelin™ Redfluorescent myelin stain (Invitrogen, CA) for 30 minutes and washed. Allsections were observed by fluorescence microscopy.

For quantification, the thoracic sections were imaged, and AdobePhotoshop was used to outline the demyelination area and total whitematter area. Pixel area for each sample was calculated and thepercentage of demyelination was obtained by dividing the totaldemyelinated area by total white matter area. Averages were obtained ofthe percent demyelination in 3 thoracic cross-sections for each animal.For each of the 3 groups, (control, EAE, EAE+HZ), 3 animals were usedfor immunofluorescence quantification.

Example Immunoblotting shows increased acrolein-lysine adduct level inEAE mice spinal cord

The acrolein-lysine adducts in control (n=3), EAE mice (n=3) and EAE+HZmice (n=3) spinal cord are detected using Bio-Dot SF MicrofiltrationApparatus. Loading controls are performed by Western blot usinganti-actin antibody. Band intensities are analyzed using ImageJ (NIH)and are expressed in arbitrary units. Immunoblotting demonstrated thatthe acrolein-lysine adduct level in EAE mice spinal cord (20.27±3.0a.u.) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than control (12.30±1.3 a.u.,p<0.05). The acrolein-lysine adduct in EAE mice spinal cord treated withhydralazine was comparable with the undiseased control at 15.14±1.6 a.u.One way ANOVA and post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis. Alldata are expressed as mean±SEM.

Example Hydralazine Delayed the Onset of EAE Mice Symptoms and Reducedthe Severity of the Paralysis

One group of EAE mice are injected with hydralazine (EAE+HZ) at the doseof 1 mg/kg daily starting from the day of induction (n=11). In thesham-treated group (EAE), an equal amount of saline is injected daily(n=12). Both hydralazine and saline (sham) treatments are carried outfor 30 days post induction. The behavioral scores of the two groups ofmice are recorded daily (FIG. 2A). All the mice in EAE group showedsymptoms of motor impairment as evaluated with the 5-point behavioraltest. Nine of 11 mice in the treated group developed behavioraldeficits. However, the behavioral deficits in treated group emergedsignificantly later than in sham-treated group. The average onset ofsymptoms for the hydralazine treated group was 21.73±2.1 days postinduction, which was significantly longer (p<0.01), than the sham (EAE)group (15.42±0.4 days post emulsion injection), as shown in FIG. 2B. Theonset of symptoms for the 2 mice that did not develop behavioraldeficits is considered to be at least 30 days post induction. Inaddition to onset, the severity of the symptoms in the hydralazinetreated group was significantly lower than the sham group at each dailyevaluation starting from 17 days post induction (p<0.01, FIG. 2A). Whenthe highest score for each mouse is taken and averaged within eachgroup, the hydralazine treated group showed a significantly lower(p<0.05) average behavioral score (1.72±0.4) than the EAE group(3.33±0.3), as shown in FIG. 2C. No serious hypotension was detectedfollowing the treatment of hydralazine in both normal and EAE mice.Specifically, the average systolic pressure of normal mice are 125.6±3.6mmHg (no hydralazine) and 118.5±6.4 mmHg (with hydralazine) (n=4,p>0.05). The average systolic pressure of EAE mice are 153.9±5.0 mmHg(no hydralazine) and 134.8±4.5 mmHg (with hydralazine) (n=3, p>0.05).

FIG. 2A shows a comparison of behavioral score in each day betweenhydralazine treated (EAE+HZ) and sham treated (EAE) groups in EAE mice.The hydralazine treated group shows a significant improvement (p<0.01)for comparison between the EAE+HZ and EAE groups after Day 17. FIG. 2Bshows a comparison of the onset of symptoms between hydralazine treated(EAE+HZ) and sham treated (EAE) groups. The hydralazine treated groupshows a significant improvement (p<0.01). FIG. 2C shows a quantitativecomparison of mean behavioral score between hydralazine treated (EAE+HZ)and sham treated (EAE) groups. The hydralazine treated group shows asignificant improvement (p<0.05). The highest score for each mouse wastaken and averaged within each group. All data are expressed asmean±SEM.

Example Improvement of Behavioral Outcome Through Acrolein Trapping byHydralazine when Initiated Following the Emergence of Motor Deficits

FIG. 1A shows the behavioral scores evaluated daily on a 5 point scalefor mice in sham treated (EAE) and hydralazine treated (EAE+HZ) groups.The hydralazine treated group shows significant differences (p<0.05) forall comparisons following day 2 of the treatment. For each animal,behavioral tests are conducted and displayed starting at day 0, wheretreatment is started at day 1 which is determined based on the firstappearance of behavioral deficits. Animals in the EAE group receivesaline injections, while EAE+HZ mice receive saline containinghydralazine at 1 mg/kg. The comparison indicates that differencesbetween the treatment groups become apparent on day 2 and the positiveeffect of hydralazine on motor function remains significant throughoutthe experimental period. FIG. 1B shows that when the highest scores foreach mouse are averaged within the group, the mean score of behavioraldeficits is significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the EAE+HZ groupcompared to the EAE mice demonstrating a significant reduction insymptom severity. N=8 in each group. All data are expressed as mean±SEM.

Example Improvement of Behavioral Outcome Through Acrolein Trapping byPhenelzine in EAE Mice

FIG. 3A shows the behavioral scores evaluated daily on a 5 point scalefor mice in a sham treated (EAE) compared to a phenelzine treated(EAE+PLZ) groups. The phenelzine treated group shows significantdifferences for all comparisons following day 14. Phenelzine isadministered via intraperitoneal (IP) injections at 15 mg/kg for 30days. FIG. 3B shows a comparison of the time to EAE symptom onsetbetween sham treated (EAE) compared to a phenelzine treated (PLZ)groups. The phenelzine treated (EAE+PLZ) group show a significant delayin disease progression (p<0.005). FIG. 3C shows mean behavioral scoresare significantly increased in EAE mice compared to the phenelzinetreated (EAE+PLZ) group (p<0.005). The highest score for each mouse wastaken and averaged within each group. All data are expressed asmean±SEM. The data support the conclusion that a significant decrease inboth disease progression and of symptom severity at all time point isobserved with treatment using the compounds, compositions, methods, anddosage forms described herein.

Example Hydralazine Treatment Lessens the Demyelination Area on SpinalCord Cross Section

The thoracic segment of spinal cord samples harvested from Control,hydralazine treated (EAE+HZ), and sham treated mice (EAE) were cut in 15μm cross sections and labeled with NF200 (to stain axons green) andfluoromyelin (to stain myelin red). Total white matter area and lesionareas are manually outlined and the pixel area is calculated. Percentdemyelination is calculated by dividing total demyelinated area by totalwhite matter area. Control sections showed no signs of demyelination oraxonal loss. Sections taken from EAE mice show demyelinated lesions andaxonal loss. Sections taken from EAE mice treated with hydralazine showsubstantially fewer demyelinating lesions and axonal loss, compared tountreated EAE mice sections. The percent of demyelination in whitematter is compared between EAE and EAE+HZ groups. The hydralazinetreatment significantly decreases (p<0.05) demyelination area from25.58±3.8% (sham treated) to 5.10±4.2% (hydralazine treated) (n=3, FIG.4).

Without being bound by theory, it is believed herein thatacrolein-mediated pathology in MS may be mediated through multiplemechanisms. For example, acrolein may break down the myelin sheath byattacking lipids and proteins, the main components of myelin (Morell andQuarles, 1999). However, acrolein pathogenesis may also lead toenzymatic damage of myelin (Shields and Banik, 1999; Shields et al.,1999). The reduction of EAE induced demyelination in spinal cord byanti-acrolein treatment may be consistent with a causal role of acroleinin myelin damage.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed herein that acrolein mayalso contribute directly to axonal degeneration, another major MSpathology (Trapp et al., 1998; Trapp et al., 1999; Trapp and Nave,2008). Without being bound by theory, it is believed that pathogenesisis due to acrolein compromising the axonal membrane and consequentlytriggering axonal degeneration (Shi et al., 2002; Luo and Shi, 2004).Such axonal damage can be further exacerbated through acrolein-mediatedoxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction (Adams and Klaidman,1993; Luo et al., 2005b; Luo and Shi, 2005). Therefore, described hereinare methods, uses, formulations, and unit dosage forms that includeanti-acrolein treatment that may reduce both acrolein-mediated myelindamage as well as acrolein-mediated axonal damage. Taken together,acrolein is likely a major factor in MS that contributes to multiplemechanisms of demyelination, axonal degeneration, and functional loss.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed herein that thetherapeutic effect of the compounds, compositions, methods, and usesdescribed herein is attributable at least in part to the trapping ofacrolein in vivo. In contrast, though without being bound by theory, itis also believed herein that the therapeutic effect of the compounds,compositions, methods, and uses described herein is not primarilyattributable the simple superoxide scavenging. It has been discoveredherein that hydralazine is not an effective superoxide scavenger, andtherefore it does not appear that hydralazine is a non-specific freeradical scavenger. It has been reported that superoxide scavenger andnon-specific free radical scavengers are not generally effective in MStreatment. (Hamann et al., 2008a).

The following publications, and each additional publication citedherein, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

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1. A method for treating a patient with multiple sclerosis, the methodcomprising the step of administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of one or more hydrazinopyridazines, fusedhydrazinopyridazines, phenylethylhydrazines, or combinations thereof. 2.The method of claim 1 wherein at least one phenylethylhydrazine is acompound of the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R isindependently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and R^(A) represents three substituents selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof,amino and derivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl,carboxylate or a derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivativesthereof, hydrazino and derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivativethereof, or sulfonyl or a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl,cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; or two ofR^(A) are taken together with the attached carbons to form an optionallysubstituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle orheterocycle.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein at least onehydrazinopyridazine or fused hydrazinopyridazine is a compound of theformula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R isindependently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and R^(A) represents three substituents selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof,amino and derivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl,carboxylate or a derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivativesthereof, hydrazino and derivatives thereof, sulfonyl or a derivativethereof, or sulfonyl or a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl,cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; or two ofR^(A) are taken together with the attached carbons to form an optionallysubstituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle orheterocycle.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein R^(A) represents threehydrogens; or R^(A) includes an optionally substituted benzo group; orR^(A) includes an optionally substituted fused piperidine; or R^(A)includes a hydrazino or derivative thereof; or R^(A) includes ahydrazino; or R^(A) includes amino or a derivative thereof; or R^(A)includes dialkylamino, where each alkyl is independently selected, andindependently optionally substituted.
 5. The method of claim 3 whereinR^(A) represents three hydrogens; or R^(A) includes an optionallysubstituted benzo group; or R^(A) includes an optionally substitutedfused piperidine; or R^(A) includes a hydrazino or derivative thereof;or R^(A) includes a hydrazino; or R^(A) includes amino or a derivativethereof; or R^(A) includes dialkylamino, where each alkyl isindependently selected, and independently optionally substituted.
 6. Themethod of claim 4 wherein each R is hydrogen.
 7. The method of claim 4wherein at least one R is acyl.
 8. The method of claim 4 wherein atleast one R is optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl.
 9. The method ofany claim 2 wherein each R is hydrogen; or at least one R is acyl; or atleast one R is optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl.
 10. The method ofclaim 3 wherein each R is hydrogen; or at least one R is acyl; or atleast one R is optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl.
 11. The method ofclaim 5 wherein each R is hydrogen.
 12. The method of claim 5 wherein atleast one R is acyl.
 13. The method of claim 5 wherein at least one R isoptionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl.
 14. The method of claim 1 whereinat least one hydrazinopyridazine, fused hydrazinopyridazine, orphenylethylhydrazine is selected from the group consisting ofhydralazine, cadralazine, dihydralazine, endralazine, phenelzine, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations of theforegoing.
 15. A unit dosage form for treating multiple sclerosis, theunit dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one ormore hydrazinopyridazines, fused hydrazinopyridazines,phenylethylhydrazines, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, orcombinations thereof, in a single or divided format.
 16. The unit dosageform of claim 15 wherein at least one phenylethylhydrazine is a compoundof the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R isindependently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and R^(A) represents three substituents selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof,amino and derivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl,carboxylate or a derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivativesthereof, hydrazino and derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivativethereof, or sulfonyl or a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl,cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; or two ofR^(A) are taken together with the attached carbons to form an optionallysubstituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle orheterocycle.
 17. The unit dosage form of claim 15 wherein at least onehydrazinopyridazine or fused hydrazinopyridazine is a compound of theformula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R isindependently selected in each instance from hydrogen, acyl, orsulfonyl; or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl,heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted; and R^(A) represents three substituents selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy and derivatives thereof,amino and derivatives thereof, thio and derivatives thereof, acyl,carboxylate or a derivative thereof, hydroxylamino and derivativesthereof, hydrazino and derivatives thereof, sulfinyl or a derivativethereof, or sulfonyl or a derivative thereof; or alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl,cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; or two ofR^(A) are taken together with the attached carbons to form an optionallysubstituted saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle orheterocycle. 18-27. (canceled)
 28. The unit dosage form of claim 15wherein at least one hydrazinopyridazine, fused hydrazinopyridazine, orphenylethylhydrazine is selected from the group consisting ofhydralazine, cadralazine, dihydralazine, endralazine, phenelzine, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations of theforegoing.
 29. The unit dosage form of claim 15 wherein thehydrazinopyridazine, fused hydrazinopyridazine, or phenylethylhydrazineis included at a dose that is not therapeutically effective orclinically effective for treating hypertension, in a single or dividedformat; or wherein the hydrazinopyridazine, fused hydrazinopyridazine,or phenylethylhydrazine is included at a dose that is nottherapeutically effective or clinically effective for treatingdepression, in a single or divided format; or wherein thehydrazinopyridazine, fused hydrazinopyridazine, or phenylethylhydrazineis included at a dose that is not therapeutically effective orclinically effective for treating anxiety, in a single or dividedformat. 30-31. (canceled)
 32. A method for treating a patient withmultiple sclerosis, the method comprising the step of administering tothe patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound capable ofblocking or decreasing the action of acrolein on myelin, or the methodcomprising the step of administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound capable of blocking or decreasing theaction of acrolein on axons.
 33. (canceled)